Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a technology that allows for the collection, storage, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It’s used to understand spatial relationships, patterns, and trends. GIS combines geography with information technology, allowing users to create, manage, and analyze maps and spatial data.

Remote sensing is a technology used to collect information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. It is a critical tool in many fields, providing data for analysis, monitoring, and decision-making without physically contacting the subject.

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and create high-resolution maps of environments, often in three dimensions. It is used in various fields, such as surveying, mapping, environmliental monitoring, urban planning, forestry, and autonomous vehicles.

Surveying is the science and technique of accurately determining the position of points and the distances and angles between them on or near the Earth’s surface. It involves the use of specialized instruments and techniques to measure and map land, buildings, and other structures.